Autonomic regulation during cognitive reappraisal in major depressive disorder: a study of fMRI correlates

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Experimental design of day 1 and day 2. In each day’s experiment, participants were required first to record 8 min of resting state, then complete four 460-second training sessions, and finally re-record their resting state. There were 9 view-reappraise cycles in each session of the experiment. This study used the emotions evoked by the View-image (‘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\times\:$$\end{document}’) to re-evaluate the Reappraise-image (‘+’). Each image was presented for 12 s, followed by a 6-second gap and a 4-second blank (‘%%’) or a feedback number

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  Fig. 2. Neural correlates of the cognitive reappraisal task. A For the ‘reappraise > view’ contrast, healthy controls and depressed patients showed activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA), cingulate cortex, pre- and postcentral gyrus, hippocampus, insula, dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. B Patients with MDD provoked stronger activation of the middle and posterior SMA, anterior and middle cingulate cortex, pre- and postcentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus. In comparison, healthy individuals showed more activation in the anterior SMA. Abbreviations: HC healthy controls, MDD major depressive disorders, HRV heart rate variability, IM intermediate, L left, R right

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  Fig. 3. Neural correlates of peripheral physiological indicators. A The IM band of HRV was correlated with neural activity in participants’ pre- and postcentral gyrus, supplementary motor area (SMA), anterior and middle cingulate cortex, insula, and temporal lobe. B The respiratory IM band yielded common activation in the Rolandic operculum, precentral gyrus, SMA, middle and posterior cingulate cortex for healthy and depressed individuals. Patients with MDD showed higher correlations with the Rolandic operculum, insula, pre- and postcentral gyrus, SMA, cingulate, and cerebellum. Abbreviations: HC healthy controls, MDD major depressive disorders, HRV heart rate variability, IM intermediate, L left, R right

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  Fig. 4. ROI analysis for the IM band of peripheral physiological indicators. A The FDR-corrected ANOVA results for the HRV IM band showed that the right insula and right vlPFC beta values differed between groups. B Significantly higher respiratory beta values for MDD patients than HC were found in the bilateral ACC, left hippocampus, bilateral insula, right dmPFC, and right vlPFC, as shown by FDR-corrected ANOVA results. Results were obtained based on 3-factor ANOVA (groups\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\times\:$$\end{document}days\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\times\:$$\end{document}sessions). \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek}…

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  Fig. 5. Analysis of ROIs in the vmPFC for the IM band of HRV considered from different days. No differences were observed in beta values between days for healthy participants, but there were significant differences for patients with MDD. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:*p<0.05$$\end{document}. Abbreviations: HC healthy controls, MDD major depressive disorders, HRV heart rate variability, IM intermediate, vmPFC ventromedial prefrontal cortex

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  Fig. 6. Analysis of dmPFC and vlPFC for the respiratory IM band separately for each session. The beta values of depressed patients were larger than those of the healthy participants, especially in the later sessions. The ROI analyses in the HC group showed relatively stable regulation over the four sessions. For the patients with MDD, significant differences emerged between sessions 1 and 4, and sessions 3 and 4 for the dmPFC, as well as between sessions 1 and 3, and sessions 1 and 4 for the vlPFC. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:*\:\::p<0.05$$\end{document}. Abbreviations: HC healthy controls, MDD major depressive disorders, IM intermediate, dmPFC dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, vlPFC ventrolateral prefrontal cortex