Fluid-inertia torques from particle-shape symmetry

Numerical simulation of particle motion in fluids at low particle Reynolds numbers is often based on empirical force and torque models obtained by fitting force and torque from computations for simple particle shapes such as spheres, spheroids, or cylindrical disks and fibers. To do the same for more complex particles shapes, one needs to first know how particle shape constrains the dependence of force and torque on flow velocity, its gradient, and on particle orientation. Here we use symmetry analysis and perturbation theory to determine the form of the hydrodynamic torque on a particle settling in a quiescent fluid at low but nonzero particle Reynolds numbers for particle shapes with different point-group symmetries. The symmetry conclusions are verified by comparing with explicit calculations for nearly spherical particles.