A high molecular-weight polymer – not a small molecule or surfactant – is superior for dispersing carbon nanotubes in water when processing a waterborne, polymeric nanocomposite. A polymeric dispersant above its entanglement molecular weight creates a brush structure on the nanotube that increases molecular friction on entangles with the matrix, yielding increased adhesion energy, as shown, along with greater toughness and energy dissipation during deformation. A dispersant can thereby be used to tune a nanocomposite's mechanical properties.
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Wang et al. (2007) studied this question.