Electroacupuncture pretreatment alleviates myocardial ischemia injury via brown adipose tissue and BMP3b/Smad1/5 pathway in mice

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Cardioprotective effect of EA pretreatment at ST25 on AMI mice. (a) flowchart of animal experiment procedure. (b) Representative records of ECG ii leads and echocardiography in each group. (c) calculation and analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction in each group (n = 5). (d) calculation and analysis of left ventricular fractional shortening in each group (n = 5). (e) Representative images of TTC staining in the hearts of mice in each group. (f) calculation and analysis of cardiac infarction size of mice in each group (n = 4). (g) comparison of serum cTnT levels in each group (n = 5). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. **p < .01, ***p < .001，****p < .0001. EA: electroacupuncture; LAD: left anterior descending coronary artery; ECG: electrocardiogram; Sham: the sham operation group; MI: acute myocardial infarction model group; EF: ejection fraction; FS: fraction shortening; cTnT: cardiac troponin T.

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  Figure 2.. Effect of ST25 EA pretreatment on bat pathology and the expression of BMP3b in AMI mice. (a) bat he staining represented pictures of mice in each group (20×). (b) the average area of adipocytes in bat of mice in each group was calculated according to Figure a (n = 4). (c) comparison of the relative expression levels of β3-AR mRNA in bat of mice in each group (n = 5). (d) comparison of the relative expression levels of UCP1 mRNA in bat of mice in each group (n = 5). (e) comparison of the relative expression levels of BMP3b mRNA in bat of mice in each group (n = 5). (f) comparison of serum BMP3b levels among all groups (n = 5). (g) wb bands of UCP1 and BMP3b in bat of mice in each group represented pictures. (h) comparison of the relative expression of UCP1 protein in bat of mice in each group (n = 4). (i) comparison of the relative expression of BMP3b protein in bat of mice in each group (n = 4). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. **p < .05, ***p < .01, ****p < .001, *p < .0001. Sham: the sham operation group; MI: acute myocardial infarction model group; EA: electroacupuncture; β3-AR: β3-adrenergic receptor; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1; BMP3b: bone…

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  Figure 3.. Effect of ST25 EA pretreatment on the expression of BMP3b/Smad1/5 signalling pathway in the heart of AMI mice. (a) the wb bands of p-Smad1/5, Smad1, BMP3b, and Bcl-xL in the myocardial tissue of mice in each group represented pictures. (b) comparison of the relative expression of BMP3b protein in myocardial tissue of mice in each group (n = 4). (c) comparison of the relative expression of p-Smad1/5 protein in myocardial tissue of mice in each group (ratio of p-Smad1/5 to Smad1) (n = 4). (d) comparison of the relative expression of Bcl-xL protein in myocardial tissue of mice in each group (n = 4). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. **p < .05，***p < .01，****p < .0001. ns: not significant; Sham: the sham operation group; MI: acute myocardial infarction model group; EA: electroacupuncture; BMP3b: bone morphogenetic protein 3b; Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large.

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  Figure 4.. Cardioprotective effect of ST25 EA pretreatment on AMI mice after bat removal. (a) flowchart of BATectomy animal experiment procedure. (b) Representative records of ECG ii leads and echocardiography in each BATectomy group. (c) calculation and analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction in each BATectomy group (n = 5). (d) calculation and analysis of left ventricular fractional shortening in each BATectomy group (n = 5). (e) Representative images of cardiac TTC staining in each group of BATectomy mice. (f) calculation and analysis of cardiac infarction size of mice in each BATectomy group (n = 4). (g) comparison of serum cTnT levels in each BATectomy group (n = 5). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. **p < .0001. ns: not significant; BAT: brown adipose tissue; EA: electroacupuncture; LAD: left anterior descending coronary artery; ECG: electrocardiogram; BATectomy+Sham: the bat removal + sham operation group; BATectomy+MI: the bat removal + acute myocardial infarction model group; BATectomy+EA: the bat removal + electroacupuncture group; EF: ejection fraction; FS: fraction shorting; cTnT: cardiac troponin T.

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  Figure 5.. Effects of ST25 EA pretreatment on the expression of BMP3b/Smad1/5 signalling pathway in AMI mice after bat removal. (a) wb bands representing p-Smad1/5, Smad1, BMP3b, and Bcl-xL in the myocardial tissue of mice in each BATectomy group. (b) comparison of the relative expression of BMP3b protein in myocardial tissue of mice in each BATectomy group (n = 4). (c) comparison of the relative expression of p-Smad1/5 protein in myocardial tissue of mice in each BATectomy group (ratio of p-Smad1/5 to Smad1) (n = 4). (d) comparison of the relative expression of Bcl-xL protein in myocardial tissue of mice in each BATectomy group (n = 4). (e) comparison of serum BMP3b levels among all BATectomy groups (n = 5). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. ns: not significant; BATectomy+Sham: the bat removal + sham operation group; BATectomy+MI: the bat removal + acute myocardial infarction model group; BATectomy+EA: the bat removal + electroacupuncture group; BMP3b: bone morphogenetic protein 3b; Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large.

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  Figure 6.. Schematic diagram of the effect of EA on reducing myocardial ischaemic injury through the BMP3b/Smad1/5 pathway in bat. NE: norepinephrine; β3-AR: β3-adrenergic receptor; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1; BMP3b: bone morphogenetic protein 3b; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein receptors; Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large.