Role of microscopy in elucidating the mechanism and regulation of the osteoclast resorptive apparatus

Microscopic studies have assisted in revealing some of the components of the resorptive apparatus of osteoclasts, specifically carbonic anhydrase and the proton-translocating ATPase. Further, microscopy has helped substantiate the types of proteolytic enzymes secreted into the resorption lacuna. Regulatory agents affecting the resorptive process in vitro include parathyroid hormone, 17 beta-estradiol, calcitonin, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Studies showing the specific binding of parathyroid hormone, estradiol, and calcitonin to osteoclast plasma membrane are discussed. While specific binding suggests that direct effects may occur, further investigation is needed to substantiate this possibility.