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In this paper, the equivalent CO2emission models for fossil-fuel-based distributed generator units are developed considering their individual emission characteristic and fuel consumption. These models are then integrated within a microgrid energy management system (EMS) model. Constant energy, demand shifting load models are further integrated in the EMS to examine the possible impact of demand response (DR) on the total system emissions and economics of a microgrid. Thus, the impacts of including the developed emission models on the operation of an isolated microgrid, equivalent CO2emissions, and costs are examined considering five different operating strategies. The proposed operating strategies are validated on a modified CIGRE medium voltage benchmark system. The results obtained highlight the effectiveness of the proposed EMS and also demonstrate the impact of DR on emissions and costs.
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Solanki et al. (2017) studied this question.
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