Comparative Review of Siktameha in Ayurveda and Its Correlation with Crystalluria, Hyperuricosuria, and Urolithiasis: A Narrative Review

Background: Metabolic disorders are a major global health challenge. According to the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas (11th Edition, 2025), adult diabetes prevalence in India is reported as 10.5%, representing approximately 89.8 million diagnosed individuals. Siktameha is described in Ayurveda by Sikta-tulya (sand-like) urinary sediment and is discussed as a possible conceptual correlate of crystal-forming urinary states. Objective: To review the Ayurvedic concept of Siktameha and examine its conceptual correlation with crystalluria, hyperuricosuria, and urolithiasis. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was undertaken using the Bṛhattrayī, including Caraka Saṃhitā, Suśruta Saṃhitā, and Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya, together with Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, Campbell-Walsh Urology, and relevant literature identified through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to June 2026. Results: The comparative review identified parallels between Sikta-tulya urinary sediment and the modern process of urinary crystal precipitation. The cited clinical study reported crystalluria in 17.5% of patients with type 2 diabetes compared with 5.0% of non-diabetic controls, with calcium oxalate and uric acid among the common precipitates. The proposed relationship with Aśmarī is interpretative and reflects progression from urinary sediment to stone formation. Conclusion: Siktameha may provide a classical framework for interpreting sand-like urinary sediment and its possible relationship with crystalluria and urolithiasis. The correlation should be regarded as conceptual rather than as direct clinical equivalence, and requires validation through observational, laboratory, and clinical studies.