This review provides an overview of the diagnosis and management of permanent pacemaker complications and malfunctions in the emergency department setting.
Clinicians gain a concise ED reference for pacemaker complications; leaves open prospective validation of management strategies.
The number of patients with permanent pacemaker are increasing and may present into the emergency department with a variety of complications and malfunctions. The presence of a pacemaker may also affect management of unrelated medical issues. This article review the complications of the implant procedure, the causes, diagnosis and management of pacemaker malfunction, the pacemaker syndrome, Twiddler's syndrome. Interaction of permanent pacemaker with other medical condition and its implication in Emergency Department environment are also discussed.
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CW Lam (2001) studied this question.
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