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A robust nitroxide radical, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and its 4-subsituted derivatives (R-TEMPO) exhibit electrochemically reversible redox properties with tunable half-wave potentials (E1/2) based on the substituent effect. Dye-sensitized solar cells using R-TEMPO as mediators with electron-withdrawing R groups showed significantly enhanced photovoltages compared with those obtained using iodides. The linearity between the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and E1/2 revealed that Voc was dominated by the energy gap between the Fermi level of TiO2 and the SOMO level of R-TEMPO.
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Kato et al. (2010) studied this question.
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