Phylogeny of Hanabusaya (Campanulaceae), a Korean endemic, based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA

The phylogenetic position of the genus Hanabusaya was verified using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences data of 181 individuals of 176 taxa in Campanulaceae, including allied genera such as genus Campanula , Adenophora , Symphyandra , and Zeugandra . The phylogenetic analysis showed that Hanabusaya is more closely allied to Adenophora than to Symphyandra , Zeugandra , and Campanula . Accordingly, the connate anthers of Hanabusaya are considered to have evolved independently of Symphyandra or Zeugandra . However, Hanabusaya and sect. Remotiflorae of Adenophora were unresolved within a clade. Therefore, the relationship between Hanabusaya and its allies should be more accurately determined through a broader study on diverse genetic regions.