Synthesis of Multiply Substituted, Ion Channel Forming Octi(p-phenylene)s:  Theme and Variations

[reaction: see text] To facilitate the access to unique models for biological processes, we examined six different synthetic routes to octi(p-phenylene) rods with lateral and terminal substituents R(L) and R(T). This systematic study allowed us to increase to overall yield for the synthesis of a new class of oligo(p-phenylene) ionophores about 20 times and to provide general insights into the practicability of synthetic routes to multiply substituted molecular rods.