Discovery of the Biology of the Ubiquitin System

This article, about the discovery of the biology of the ubiquitin system, describes my laboratory’s main contribution to date, and stems, in part, from previous historical summaries. Another antecedent is the interview given in 2006 to Dr Istvan Hargittai, a distinguished Hungarian chemist. It described my life and science, including the early years in Moscow (Russia), the 1977 emigration from the former Soviet Union to the United States, and scientific work that ensued.