Forming Dispatchable Region of Electric Vehicle Aggregation in Microgrid Bidding

With the popularity of plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) and the development of the vehicle to grid (V2G) technology, EVs can be aggregated and behave as a controllable storage system via the Internet of Things. However, it remains an open question as to how large-scale EVs can be effectively integrated into the system-level operation. In this article, we propose a dispatchable region formation approach of EV aggregation to capture its available flexibility in microgrid (MG) bidding. The dispatchable region of EV aggregation describes the feasible operation strategy as a single entity, characterized by its power and cumulative energy limits. Instead of scheduling an individual EV, the dispatchable region of large-scale EVs enables the MG operator to directly schedule the EV aggregation toward market revenue maximization. The MG bidding strategy is formulated as a risk-constrained stochastic programming, which maximizes day-ahead market profits considering real-time imbalance settlement in a dual-pricing market. Case studies based on real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed dispatchable region approach in MG biding can significantly improve both computation efficiency and forecasting accuracy.