Evanescently-coupled two-dimensional vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays may be defined by proton implantation in the top mirror. By controlling injection current to each of the elements in these laser arrays, the main lobe of emission can be steered in different directions up to 5° from normal. This two-dimensional electronic beam-steering with a three-element triangular array is demonstrated.
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Lehman et al. (2007) studied this question.
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