Prevalence and Determinants of Self-Medication among Elderly in an Urban Community of India: A Community based Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Self-medication, defined as the use of medicines without consultation with a qualified healthcare professional, is common among older adults and can pose significant health risks. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of self-medication among elderly individuals in an urban Indian community and to examine associated indications, medication types, and socio-demographic and personal factors influencing this practice. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2021 to August 2022 in the urban field practice area of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. A total of 700 adults aged >65 years were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were applied, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 62.1%. Common indications were fever (71.5%), cold (66.9%), cough (62.8%), and musculoskeletal complaints (42.8%). Analgesics (41.8%) and antihypertensives (39.5%) were most commonly used. Independent predictors included age 65–79 years (AOR = 3.25; 95% CI: 2.05–5.14), female gender (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.45–3.10), illiteracy (AOR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.10–2.10), living alone (AOR = 6.18; 95% CI: 1.84–20.8), and joint/extended family type (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.20–2.92). Habit status and BMI were also significantly associated. Conclusion: Self-medication is highly prevalent among the urban elderly and is influenced by socio-demographic and personal factors. Strengthening health literacy, regular medication review, and pharmacist-led counselling are essential to promote rational drug use.