A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease vaccines

Jiao Jiao; Haihua Yang; Yanhui Pan; Jiaxin Yang; Wenli Zhang; Peng Wu

doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99518-3

May 2, 2025Scientific ReportsOpen Access

A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease vaccines

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Why the study?

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of domesticated animals causing major global economic losses, prompting evaluation of the efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.

Do different types of FMD vaccines provide varying levels of protection against FMDV serotype O in animals?

Structured PICO

Do different types of FMD vaccines provide varying levels of protection against FMDV serotype O in animals?

P

Population

29 studies evaluating the protective effects of FMD vaccines against FMDV serotype O in animals (including guinea pigs, pigs, mice, and cattle) using challenge potency studies.

I

Intervention

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines of various types (inactivated, mRNA, E. coli, plant, recombinant virus, phage, synthesize, DNA).

C

Comparator

Negative control or other FMD vaccine types.

O

Outcome

Vaccine protective effects against FMDV (evaluated via challenge potency studies).

Inactivated vaccines provide the highest efficacy against FMDV serotype O among all evaluated vaccine types and are recommended as controls in the development of novel vaccines.

Limitations

Possibility of publishing studies with undesired results is low, which could lead to higher vaccine protection data
Insufficient data for new vaccines increases the deviation of the results
Possible bias in the funnel plot used for visual investigation of small-study effects
Heterogeneity may be related to the dose of the vaccine

Implication

Establishes inactivated vaccines as most protective against FMDV serotype O; supports their use as controls in novel vaccine development.

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of domesticated animals that causes major economic losses globally. In this meta-analysis, 29 studies were evaluated using a random-effects model to analyze the efficacy of FMD vaccines. The quantifying heterogeneity between the groups was low (tau 2 = 0.000, tau = 0.000, and I 2 = 0.0% [0.0%; 24.6%]). The meta-analysis revealed that the inactivated vaccine provides the best protection among different vaccine types, with the following ranking from highest to lowest efficacy: inactivated vaccine > mRNA vaccine > E. coli vaccine > plant vaccine > recombinant virus vaccine > phage vaccine > synthesize vaccine > DNA vaccine > negative control. The findings revealed that the inactivated vaccine provides the best protection among the different types of vaccines. Based on these findings, we recommend using inactivated vaccines as controls in the development of novel vaccines, as they achieved the highest efficacy among all evaluated vaccine types.