As global efforts to decarbonize intensify, hydrogen produced via renewable electricity has emerged as a pivotal energy vector for a sustainable industrial future. This commentary provides a critical analysis of the current state of the hydrogen economy in Europe, detailing the core principles, operational mechanisms, and industrial status of four primary water electrolysis technologies: alkaline (ALK), proton exchange membrane (PEM), solid oxide (SOEC), and anion exchange membrane (AEM). Furthermore, it explores the significant socio-political challenges inherent in producing green hydrogen in non-EU nations for subsequent import into the European market.
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Buonomenna et al. (2025) studied this question.
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