Integration of antifouling and antibacterial properties in salt-responsive hydrogels with surface regeneration capacity

) for up to 4 days, high antibacterial activity by killing ∼99% of attached bacteria of both E. coli and S. aureus, and surface regeneration ability by releasing >96% of adherent live or dead bacteria from the surface upon a simple treatment of 1.0 M NaCl solution for 10 min. Upon the release of AgNPs, AgNPs were reloaded into the hydrogel again to achieve multiple antifouling, bactericidal, and regenerative properties. This work demonstrates a new design for a new multifunctional hydrogel to effectively achieve antimicrobial, antifouling, and surface regeneration properties, making this hydrogel very promising for antimicrobial applications.