A cooperative catalyst consisting of a soft Lewis acid and a hard Brønsted base promoted the title reaction. The N-thiophosphinoyl group on the ketimines was critical to surpass the high activation barrier through the soft–soft interaction of sulfur and copper. Mannich adducts with a tetrasubstituted stereogenic center were produced with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. TANIAPHOS= ferrocenyl ligand.
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Yin et al. (2013) studied this question.
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