Future changes in the generation mix may reduce the overall amount of system inertia. It becomes crucial to provide response services more quickly to secure postfault transient frequency dynamics. This paper proposes a novel mixed integer linear programming unit commitment formulation that simultaneously optimizes energy production and the allocation of inertial response (IR), enhanced frequency response (EFR), and primary response (PR) against largest plant outage. A set of linearized inertia-dependent and multispeed constraints on frequency evolution explicitly recognizes the quicker provision of EFR compared to PR and their mutual interplay with IR. The proposed model is applied to analyze a typical 2030 GB low-carbon scenario. Results demonstrate the value, as reduction of system operational cost, when battery storage provides EFR, facilitating a cost-efficient transition toward the low-carbon electricity sector.
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Trovato et al. (2018) studied this question.
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