A bifunctionalized polyelectrolyte multilayer film (PEM film) that can drive embryonic stem cells to cartilage or bone differentiation is presented. A model system is constructed from a PEM film into which transforming growth factor β1 and bone morphogenetic protein has been embedded. The synergy between both factors is required for the film to be bioactive. Osteogenesis in embryonic stem cells is induced by the film (see figure).
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Dierich et al. (2007) studied this question.
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