Taxifolin protects rat against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway

Figures

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  Figure 1. Experimental protocol. Schematic diagram of experimental protocol. Normal control group (Control); myocardial I/R control group (I/R); I/R + TAX treatment group (TAX 5 μM); I/R + TAX treatment group (TAX 15 μM).

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  Figure 2. TAX treatment improved the cardiac function recovery of rats during myocardial I/R injury in vitro model. (A) Heart rate (HR, beat/per min); (B) left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP, mmHg); (C) maximum rate of left ventricular pressure (+dp/dtmax, mmHg/s); (D) minimum rate of increase of left ventricular pressure (−dp/dtmin, mmHg/s); (E) Rate pressure product (RPP, mmHg × bpm); (F) representative left ventricular pressure records in experimental protocol form different experiment groups.

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  Figure 3. Effect of TAX on injury of cardiomyocytes by measurement of LDH and CK-MB. (A) The activity of perfusate LDH; (B) the activity of perfusate CK-MB. The levels of perfusate LDH and CK at different time points in the control, I/R and TAX-treat groups (5 and 15 μM) are shown. ##P < 0.01 compared with the control group; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with the I/R group; U/L: international enzyme activity unit per liter.

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  Figure 4. Representative micrographs of HE staining results in various experimental groups. (A) Control group; (B) I/R group; (C) TAX 5 μM group; (D) TAX 15 μM group, n = 3 per group, (magnification, ×400), (←) and (→) tissue damage and edema.

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  Figure 5. Effect of TAX on cardiac the activity of SOD and GSH-PX, contents of MDA. (A) The activity of SOD; (B) the content of MDA; (C) the activity of GSH-PX. Values are presented as mean ± SD. ##P < 0.01 compared with the control group; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with the I/R group. U/mgprot: international enzyme activity unit per milligram tissue protein.

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  Figure 6. Effect of TAX on the expression of Cyt-c, Bax, and Bcl-2 protein. (A) The expression of Cyt-c protein; (B) the expression of Bcl-2 protein; (C) the expression of Bax protein. ##P < 0.01 vs. the control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the IR group. ng/mgprot indicate the nanogram level of the target protein per milligram total protein.

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  Figure 7. The changes in the levels of caspase 3, and caspase 9 at the end of reperfusion. (A) Western blot image of caspase 3; (B) western blot image of caspase 9; (C) the relative expression of caspase 3 protein; (D) the relative expression of caspase 9 protein. #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 compared with the control group, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with the I/R group.

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  Figure 8. Effect of taxifolin on cardiomyocytes apoptosis in different experimental groups. (A) Control group; (B) I/R group; (C) I/R + TAX 5 μM group; (D) I/R + TAX 15 μM group. n = 3 per group, 20×, scale bar 50 μm, (→) positive stain.