Evolutionary Co-Emergence of Appetite and Hormonal Rhythms: A Molecular Highway to Overpass Obesity

This perspective article constructs a global and molecular antiadiposity theory on evolutionary circadian rhythms of insulinmediated appetite regulation. Insulin as a storage hormone with leading contributions to intermediary metabolism has been interacting with genetic diversity in different mammals. As demanded by the living environment, insulin stimulates high-performance cellular glucose and amino acids entry [1,2]. Ruminants, as sophisticated working models for studying most devastating diseases in humans, are differently diversified genetically. As such, much less glucose crosses into the portal vein in ruminants than in non-ruminants. Insulin may not have as significant impacts on hepatic glucose metabolism in ruminants versus non-ruminants [1-4].