Molecular-scale kinetics of calcium oxalate growth inhibition in the presence of citrate has been investigated using in situ AFM (see lower microstructure image). Theoretical analysis of the data shows that the classic Cabrera–Vermilyea model of step pinning correctly predicts calcium oxalate monohydrate step kinetics when a Langmuir model of impurity adsorption dynamics and kink-site blocking is included.
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Weaver et al. (2006) studied this question.
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