All-optical switching in graphene nanobubbles is demonstrated in this work. Thermally stressing graphene to form an array of nanobubbles allows a large optical phase shift to be obtained due to their vertical side walls and added curvature. Graphene nanobubbles offer a new and promising type of optical nonlinear medium to overcome the optical path length limitation of atomically thin two-dimensional films, and enable exploration of such elements as the building blocks of digital all-optical circuitry.
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Bao et al. (2015) studied this question.
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