We have studied the influence of nonmagnetic defects throughout the antiferromagnet Co1−yO on the exchange bias (EB) in epitaxially grown Co1−yO∕Co bilayers. These defects are either substitutional or structural (twin boundaries and surface morphology), which both lead to an increase of the EB field. We find a dominance of twin boundaries over surface morphology (roughness) in enhancing EB that is consistent with the domain state model for exchange bias. In contrast, the crystal orientation of the Co1−yO layer does not show a significant effect on the EB in this system.
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