A number of intense low‐level vortices were encountered at a height of 30 m over the boreal forest by a Twin Otter atmospheric research aircraft. They imposed strong vertical and lateral accelerations on this aircraft: the most energetic had an updraft speed in excess of 11 m s −1 , only 20 m above the forest. All were associated with large sensible heat fluxes, low wind speeds, and deep boundary layers.
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MacPherson et al. (1997) studied this question.
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