Translating social science into policy: Recommendations for managing societal aspects of radon and NORM

This policy-oriented manuscript translates recent social science and humanities research (2020-2025) into evidence-based recommendations for policymakers managing societal aspects of radon and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). By bridging the gap between researchers and decision-makers, the work ensures that radon and NORM policies are informed by robust evidence, context-sensitive insights, and tested approaches. The recommendations are structured across nine key fields: (1) advancing citizen science initiatives; (2) strengthening evidence-based decision-making with quantitative data; (3) enhancing policy guidance through qualitative insights; (4) improving communication strategies on radon and NORM; (5) addressing societal complexities of radon spas; (6) managing social challenges of radiological risks in geothermal energy; (7) incorporating social considerations in regulation of NORM-containing building materials; (8) reducing societal uncertainties in remediation of NORM and legacy sites; and (9) promoting sustainable, circular approaches to radon and NORM management. The recommendations were developed through review of recent research and validated through broad stakeholder consultation. Together, they provide a comprehensive roadmap for integrating science into policy, fostering resilience, sustainability, and public trust in the governance of radon and NORM across Europe.