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The present review summarizes the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms that can explain cardioprotective effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their competition with arachidonic acid as a substrate of cyclooxygenase COX-2 and lipoxygenase 5-LOX, and modulation of the signaling pathways of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), sterol-response element binding protein (SREBP) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Consequences, namely decreased production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines, stimulation of β-oxidation, inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and down-regulation of the genes coding for enzymes of cholesterol synthesis and uptake are reviewed. Factors influencing responses of an organism to EPA/DHA intake are discussed and these include species, sex, dose and time interval of administration. Examples of food enrichment with EPA + DHA are presented under consideration of a low efficiency of conversion of α-linolenic acid to EPA (DHA).
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T. Komprda (2011) studied this question.
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