Experimental study demonstrates voltage-driven frequency conversion in unetched lithium niobate microrings, indicating enhanced precision for integrated nonlinear photonics.
Photonic crystal resonators (PhCRs) have been widely used in nonlinear integrated photonics for frequency engineering applications. A microwave-assisted frequency converter based on PhCRs provides precisely controlled bidirectional frequency conversion. Using a hybrid silicon nitride-on-lithium niobate-on-insulator platform, we demonstrate a high-quality PhCR for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, for voltage-driven flexible frequency conversion using the electro-optic effect (0.85 pm/V) without etching lithium niobate. The fabricated PhCR has a large supermode splitting bandwidth of 14.6 GHz and an intrinsic quality factor of 1.47 × 10 5 . Using different periodic corrugation amplitudes in the fabricated PhCRs enables the precise control of mode-splitting bandwidth with a 93.5-MHz/nm bandwidth-to-amplitude ratio.
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Peng et al. (2025) studied this question.
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