A general characterization of second-order active-RC filters employing one, two, and three operational amplifiers is given. When certain conditions are met, it is shown that the desired poles can be rendered insensitive to first- and second-order changes in the time constants of the operational amplifiers. Several novel circuits possessing this zero pole-sensitivity property, as well as zeroω_0andQsensitivity properties, are presented and discussed. Experimental verification of the results and comparisons to other popular second-order active-RC realizations bear out the significantly superior performance of these filters.
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Geiger et al. (1979) studied this question.
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