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When the collision frequency in an ionized gas is smaller than the wave frequency, it is not permissible to treat the gas as a continuous fluid. The equations for Alfven waves are obtained by working with distribution functions. The results illustrate the behavior of a gas when the collision frequency is low and may have applications in the interstellar gas or in the earth's outer atmosphere.
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J. W. Dungey (1954) studied this question.
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