Heart rate changes related to risky selections and outcomes in rat gambling tasks

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Performance of the 50:50 gambling task. (A) Schematic illustration of the 50:50 gambling task. (B) A representative picture of the apparatus. (C) A sequence of events in a trial of the gambling task. (D) The probability of selecting risky options in each day of the gambling task (n = 5 rats). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (E) The average duration spent for single trials in each day of the gambling task (n = 5 rats). (F) The probability that the rats chose the next option based on the results of the previous trial.

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  Fig. 2. Changes in baseline heart rates across trials in a day. (A) Representative instantaneous heart rate changes in Trial 1 (left) and Trial 100 (right). Gray vertical lines represent the timing of nose poking into hole 1 and hole 2 or 3. Baseline heart rates (in bpm) are shown above the traces. (B) Changes in baseline heart rates over all 100 trials in each day of the gambling task. The shaded area represents the SEM. (C) Changes in the probability of selecting risky options in each day of the gambling task (n = 5 rats; bin = 20 trials). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

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  Fig. 3. Heart rate changes during the selection phase and the outcome phase. (A) Changes in average heart rates aligned to the onset of nose poking into hole 1 (around the selection phase), separately plotted for the selection of sure (blue) and risky (red) options. Heart rate changes were normalized relative to the heart rate ∼0.15 s (one heartbeat interval) before nose poking. The shaded area represents SEM. (B) Changes in averaged heart rates from –0.15 s to + 0.15 s relative to the onset of nose poking. The sure and risky options were compared. * P < 0.05, paired t test. (C) Changes in averaged heart rates aligned to the onset of nose poking into hole 2 or 3, corresponding with the timing of sounds signifying the amount of reward, separately plotted for when the amount of reward was 2 drops (blue) in the sure options, 4 drops (red), and 0 drops (thin red) in the risky options. Heart rate changes were normalized relative to the heart rate at the onset of nose poking. The shaded area represents SEM. (D) Changes in averaged heart rates from 0 s to + 0.3 s relative to the onset of nose poking. Three conditions were compared: when the rats received 2 drops (blue) in the sure options, 4…

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  Fig. 4. Heart rate changes in the 25:75 gambling task. (A) Schematic illustration of the 25:75 gambling task. (B) A sequence of events in a trial of the gambling task. (C) The probability of selecting risky options in each task session (n = 3 rats). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (D) The probability that the rats chose the next option based on the results of the previous trial. (E) Changes in average heart rates aligned to the onset of nose poking into hole 1 (around the selection phase), separately plotted for the selection of sure (blue) and risky (red) options. Heart rate changes were normalized relative to the heart rate ∼1.20 s before nose poking. The shaded area represents SEM. (F) Changes in averaged heart rates from –1.20 s to 0 s relative to the onset of nose poking. The sure and risky options were compared. * P < 0.05, paired t test. (G) Changes in averaged heart rates aligned to the onset of nose poking into hole 2 or 3, separately plotted for when the amount of reward was 1 drop (blue) in the sure options, 4 drops (red), and 0 drops (thin red) in the risky options. Heart rate changes were normalized relative to the heart rate at the onset of nose poking. The shaded…