tongued bees are the commonest pollinators of small flowers, while longtongued bees, other Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera visit largeflowered species.Some species of Sanguisorba lack petals and are wind pollinated.Homogamy and, to a lesser extent, proterogyny are common in the family.Should cross pollination not take place, many species are automatically self pollinated and are self compatible.Imperfect flowers regularly occur in some species of Aruncus, Bencomia, Cliff ortia, Dry as, Hagenia, Kageneckia, Osmaronia, Rubus, and Sanguisorba, and the plants are then dioecious or variously monoecious.
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Kenneth R. Robertson (1974) studied this question.