College Grading: Achievement, Attitudes, and Effort

ing, the fallibility of their judgments, and the personal biases they may be reflecting in their marks (220). Perhaps the greatest source of confusion when it comes to grading is the meaning of marks. Al though it is not uncommon for teachers to consider such factors as effort and apti tude when awarding grades, Grades are most meaningful and useful when they represent achievement only (Gronlund 1985,445). But even if achievement is to be the sole