Advances in transdermal delivery systems for Antifungals: Current approaches and future perspectives

Fungal infections, which affect approximately one billion people worldwide, pose significant health challenges due to their unique eukaryotic cell structures, requiring specialized treatments. Common fungal infections, such as dermatophyte-related conditions, vary from superficial to severe. Their prevalence is increasing due to factors like immunosuppression and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). While topical treatments are the primary approach, they often encounter limitations such as poor skin penetration. Additionally, conventional formulations require high doses and frequent administration. Recent advancements, including novel carriers, aim to overcome these challenges and reduce local side effects. This review highlights the innovations in transdermal drug delivery systems for antifungal agents, focusing on azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, allylamines, and other antifungal agents. Innovative delivery technologies, such as liposomes, microneedles, and microemulsions, are underscored to enhance skin permeation, improve drug stability, and ensure sustained release. The review emphasizes the improved efficacy and antifungal activity of these systems compared to traditional methods. It also addresses their safety and clinical potential, offering new strategies to improve treatment outcomes for fungal skin infections.