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The temperature environment of shore life in the Woods Hole vicinity has been found to range as low as — 20° C. in the winter. In situ measurements have shown that no protection in the way of a micro climate is afforded most of this life.2. A variety of intertidal forms has been frozen in nature and in the laboratory and their ice content measured. In live animals as much as 75% of the body water has been shown to be in the form of ice at temperatures regularly met in nature.3. Some physiological consequences of this ice formation are considered.
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John Kanwisher (1955) studied this question.
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