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The metabolization of L-carnitine was studied using whole cells of Escherichia coli 044 K74. It showed features of an epigenetical control. L-carnitine and crotonobetaine were able to induce the carnitine-reducing system. Oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors, gamma-butyrobetaine as final product of carnitine transformation in E. coli as well as glucose repress the carnitine metabolization. Other betaines and structurally related compounds did not show any effect neither as inductors nor as repressors.
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Jung et al. (1987) studied this question.
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