Rotating spiral waves without phase singularity are found to arise in a certain class of three-component reaction-diffusion systems of biological relevance. It is argued that this phenomenon is universal when some chemical components involved are diffusion-free. Some more detailed mathematical and numerical analyses are carried out on a complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with non-local coupling to which the original system is reduced close to a codimension-two parameter set.
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A 2003 study studied this question.