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Artificial intelligence (AI) is already influencing how European health systems diagnose disease, allocate scarce resources, prioritise patients, and support clinical decisions.1,2 Europe has led globally on ethics and regulation, most notably through the EU AI Act, which establishes an essential framework for safety, transparency, and accountability.3 But regulation alone will not determine whether AI strengthens European health systems or leaves them dependent on infrastructures, models, and standards designed elsewhere.
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Saba et al. (2026) studied this question.
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