We have applied the electrorheological (ER) effect to produce three-dimensional (3-D) photonic crystals for laser applications. When polyester resin is in a strong electric field, bubbles are generated as a result of a chemical reaction. Because the resin has much high dielectric constant and conductivity than that of the bubbles, the bubbles are negatively polarized. Strong dipolar interactions force the bubbles align in the field direction to form chains and aggregate into a body-centered tetragonal lattice. This crystallization process can be controlled by varying the electric field strength, temperature, and amount of hardener. The final product, a 3-D photonic crystal, has good optical properties for laser applications.
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R. Tao (1999) studied this question.
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