Design and Fabrication of an IoT-Integrated Smart Solar PV Module with Adaptive MPPT for Real-Time Performance Optimization in Varying Microclimates

This study presents the design and fabrication of a smart photovoltaic (PV) module integrated with an Internet of Things (IoT) platform and an adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm for real-time optimization of energy output under varying microclimatic conditions. The system incorporates embedded environmental sensors and a fuzzy logic-based MPPT controller to mitigate the effects of partial shading, dust accumulation, and temperature fluctuations. The IoT connectivity enables remote monitoring, data logging, and predictive maintenance, facilitating intelligent energy management. This solution is cost-effective, scalable, and ideal for rural and off-grid environments, offering a 15–20% increase in power output compared to traditional MPPT methods. By enhancing solar energy resilience and efficiency, this system supports sustainable development goals and clean energy initiatives in resource-constrained regions.