Light WIMPs in the Sun: Constraints from helioseismology

We calculate solar models including dark matter (DM) weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) of mass 5--50 GeV and test these models against helioseismic constraints on sound speed, convection-zone depth, convection-zone helium abundance, and small separations of low-degree p-modes. Our main conclusion is that both direct detection experiments and particle accelerators may be complemented by using the Sun as a probe for WIMP DM particles in the 5--50 GeV mass range. The DM most sensitive to this probe has suppressed annihilations and a large spin-dependent elastic scattering cross section. For the WIMP cross section parameters explored here, the lightest WIMP masses <10 GeV are ruled out by constraints on core sound speed and low-degree frequency spacings. For WIMP masses 30--50 GeV, the changes to the solar structure are confined to the inner 4% of the solar radius and so do not significantly affect the solar p-modes. Future helioseismology observations, most notably involving g-modes, and future solar neutrino experiments may be able to constrain the allowable DM parameter space in a mass range that is of current interest for direct detection.