High-density microprojection array delivery to rat skin of low doses of trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine elicits potent neutralising antibody responses

Figures

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  Figure 1. Nanopatch coating and application (a) 4 mm2 Nanopatch (b) representative image of IPV coated Nanopatch (c) SEM image of Nanopatch following application. Representative images of a Wistar rat ear (d) before, (e) immediately after and (f) 1 week post application.

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  Figure 2. Poliovirus neutralising antibody responses to (a) IPV1, (b) IPV2 and (c) IPV3 following triple monovalent vaccination. Vaccine doses used were a standard human dose 40:8:32 DU, DU, for types 1, 2, and 3, respectively), ~1/8th of the human dose (5.9:1.3:5.2 DU) and 1/40th of the human dose (1.3:0.17:0.89 DU). A positive response is defined as a neutralising titre ≥3.0 log2 (dotted line). Each symbol represents a single animal, with the line indicating the median titre. * and ** indicates a statistically significant difference between dose matched Nanopatch and IM group as assessed by one-way ANOVA (alpha level 0.05) with a Sidak post test of p = <0.05 and p = <0.01, respectively.

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  Figure 3. Representative images of fluorescently labelled tracer poliovirus to demonstrate homogenous composition of the 3 IPV types coated onto the Nanopatch. The coating solution contained 1% methyl cellulose, 0.75% trehalose, 0.75% sucrose, 0.35% mannitol and (a) IPV1 with dylight 647 shown in blue, (b) IPV2 with dylight 550 shown in red, (c) IPV3 with dylight 488 shown in green. (d) merge of images a-c with areas of complete overlap shown as white. Images representative of n = 4 replicates.

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  Figure 4. Poliovirus neutralising antibody responses to (a) IPV1, (b) IPV2 and (c) IPV3 following trivalent vaccination. Vaccine doses used were a standard human dose (types 1, 2, and 3–40:8:32 DU), 1/8th of the human dose (4.7:0.8:4.3 DU) and 1/40th of the human dose (1.7:0.26:0.7 DU). A positive response is defined as a neutralising titre ≥3.0 log2 (dotted line). Each symbol represents a single animal, with the line indicating the median titre. *, **, *** and **** indicates a statistically significant difference between dose matched Nanopatch and IM group as assessed by one-way ANOVA (alpha level 0.05) with a Sidak post test of p = <0.05, p = <0.01, p = <0.001 and p = <0.0001, respectively.