Feeding Behaviour of Vervet Monkeys on Acacia tortilis and Acacia xanthophloea: With Special Reference to Reproductive Strategies and Tannin Production

Reinforced concrete subjected to restrained imposed strains exhibits a cracking response governed by the interaction between concrete tensile behaviour, reinforcement-concrete bond transfer, crack-spacing development, reinforcement stress, and internal force redistribution. This study investigates this bond-controlled response at the material-system level and uses it to assess and extend the EN 1992-1-1:2023 crack-width formulation. A measurement-level database was compiled from published tests, comprising 137 specimens and 1473 filtered observations corresponding to successive imposed-strain or loading stages. The original EN 1992-1-1:2023 model reproduced the general trend but exhibited a systematic, stress-dependent underestimation, especially in the low-to-intermediate reinforcement stress range. To account for this range-dependent behaviour, bond- and stage-sensitive terms were introduced into the crack-spacing and mean strain-difference components. Within the calibration database, the modified model improved the agreement with measured mean crack widths from an