Improved precision in SASHA T1 mapping with a variable flip angle readout

The SAturation-recovery single-SHot Acquisition (SASHA) T 1 mapping sequence has excellent accuracy independent of T 1 , T 2 , heart rate, and flip angle [ 1 ], which are known dependencies of the more commonly used MOdified Look-Locker Inversion-recovery (MOLLI) sequence. However, SASHA has a greater T 1 variability (poorer precision) compared to MOLLI. A two-parameter fit, with assumed ideal saturation, has been shown to improve precision compared to the standard three-parameter fit used for SASHA, but at the expense of introducing systematic errors [ 2 ]. We propose that a variable flip angle (VFA) readout will reduce these systematic errors and thereby allow the improved precision of a two-parameter fit while maintaining the accuracy of the three-parameter fit. A VFA scheme was empirically designed with Bloch equation simulations to minimize two-parameter fit errors with SASHA data, consisting of scaling the prescribed flip angle for the first 45 pulses by sin(x) for π/90 < × < π/2. The first 5 data acquisitions in the pulse train were discarded, matching the number of dummy pulses with linear catalyzation in the standard SASHA sequence. SASHA, SASHA-VFA, and MOLLI T 1 imaging was performed on 4 healthy volunteers (Siemens Aera 1.5T) on a mid-ventricular short-axis slice with typical bSSFP imaging readout parameters: 1.01/2.44 ms TE/TR, 8 mm slice thickness, 112 × 192 matrix size, 270 × 360 mm field of view, rate 2 GRAPPA with 24 in-place ACS reference lines, 78% phase resolution, and 7/8 partial Fourier for a total imaging duration of ~175 ms. SASHA datasets were acquired with 9 images having equally spaced TIs from 165-780 ms following BIR-4 saturation, plus a non-saturated image. Standard SASHA was acquired with 5 (dummy) linear catalyzation pulses and SASHA-VFA was acquired with sinusoidal scaling described above, both with a target flip angle of 70°. MOLLI data was acquired with a 5-(3)-3 configuration, 120 ms TI start, 80 ms TI increment, 35° flip angle, and a tan/tanh adiabatic inversion pulse [ 3 ]. T 1 pixel map were generated and the mean and standard deviation calculated for an ROI enclosing the entire LV myocardium. Two-parameter SASHA overestimated myocardial T 1 as compared to the three-parameter fit but with reduced variability (Table 1 ). Two-parameter SASHA-VFA showed similar mean T 1 values to three-parameter SASHA and with substantially reduced T 1 variability. Image artifacts from the bSSFP readout were consistently reduced with the SASHA-VFA sequence compared to the standard SASHA sequence, which may also contribute to the improved variability performance (Figure 1 ). Non-saturated images (top) and T 1 pixel maps (bottom) for standard SASHA (left) and SASHA-VFA (right) in a healthy subject . An artifact (arrow) in the inferior right ventricular wall is seen in the non-saturated image for standard SASHA, but not for SASHA-VFA. The SASHA sequence with VFA readout significantly reduces T 1 variability and reduces image artifacts. The current study suggests that two-parameter SASHA-VFA maintains the accuracy of standard three-parameter SASHA with significantly reduced T 1 variability, similar to the MOLLI sequence.