Bilayer porcine-derived collagen membrane Promotes Bone Formation through Enhanced Osteoblastic Activity and Immunomodulatory Effects

The present study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic potential and immunological safety of bilayer porcine-derived collagen membrane (BPCM), a collagen-based barrier membrane widely used in guided bone regeneration (GBR). In vivo experiments were conducted using a rabbit calvarial defect model, and In vivo assays were performed using MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells and THP-1 macrophages. Histological analyses revealed robust new bone formation along the BPCM, characterized by active osteoblast proliferation and bone matrix deposition, while maintaining bone marrow integrity. In vivo studies confirmed the enhanced osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineral deposition, and upregulation of osteogenic markers (ALP, bone sialoprotein [BSP], and osteocalcin). Notably, both In vivo and In vivo immune assessments revealed minimal inflammatory response. Tissues surrounding BPCM showed negligible immune cell infiltration, and THP-1 cells exposed to BPCM showed no significant elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with that of controls. Collectively, these results indicate that BPCM promotes bone regeneration, while maintaining excellent biocompatibility, thus highlighting its clinical utility in regenerative dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.