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A wide spectrum across physical domains has been tested to directly phenotype roots noninvasively in soils in controlled environments (CE) and fields (F). Some are established (green) in specialized groups, others are developing (pink). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and position emission tomography (PET) localize root structure and functions in containers of soil in CE. Neutron radiography, hyperspectral and multispectral instruments, and RGB (red, green, blue) cameras are applied to detect changes in root and rhizosphere chemistry through windows of rhizoboxes in CE.
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Wasson et al. (2019) studied this question.
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