Scanning tunnelling microscopy is used to monitor etching of the basal plane of highly orientated pyrolytic graphite by ozone, oxygen and nitric acid. These treatments are seen to produce numerous single and multilayer step defects. Subsequent modification of the graphite sheet edges flanking these cavities by cyanuric chloride, TiCl4 and other reagents is shown to activate the edges, thereby making them capable of covalently binding various molecules.
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Morozov et al. (1993) studied this question.
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