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A sample manipulator for ultrahigh-vacuum surface studies is described. The manipulator possesses long vertical (z) translation, decoupled rotary motion, x–y–z, and tilt stages. The design incorporates a simple and compact sample holder which allows the capabilities of liquid-N2 or He cooling, and high-temperature resistive heating with rapid temperature cycling.
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Stroscio et al. (1984) studied this question.
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